Widespread anorectal lymphovascular networks and tissue drainage: analyses from submucosal india ink injection and indocyanine green fluorescence imaging
Methods In this descriptive study, we performed microanatomical evaluations and intraoperative imaging analysis in a cadaver and patients with rectal cancer. Specimens with India ink injection were collected from a cadaver and six patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection. Intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescence imaging was performed on four patients who underwent surgery for lower rectal cancer.…